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Bibliography of Articles on Mask Wearing

A bibliography of articles – studies and opinion, on the wearing of masks for reducing infection spread and severity.

I consider it prudent to wear a mask when in close contact with people not in your personal “bubble.” I do not feel it makes sense to wear one when outside in the fresh air while maintaining a couple of meters of distance from those who are not in my “bubble.” This is risk management 101. I also think that claims of harm, physical and psychological from the wearing of masks are overblown to the point of absurdity. The other issue, that of social control, seems possibly overblown as well, although I am aghast at some of the draconian steps taken by authorities is some places. There are also a number of ill-informed interpretations of the research literature.

I am by most indicators some sort of socialist libertarian, so yes, a libertarian. I still am not sold on the idea of masks being some part of a plot to control us. I believe that a lot of conspiracist views are well founded, since there are clearly many deep state conspiracies. I am not so sure about this one.

See for instance: https://www.opednews.com/articles/Motivated-Reasoning-by-Mike-Zimmer-Belief_Bias_Ideas_Motivated-Reasoning-200804-599.html and https://www.opednews.com/articles/Masks-and-Motivated-Reason-by-Mike-Zimmer-Belief_Bias_Covid-19_Empathy-200805-253.html

 

  1. Psychology Today. “5 More Ways That COVID-19 Is Not Like the Flu.” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/beastly-behavior/202005/5-more-ways-covid-19-is-not-the-flu.
  2. Bored Panda. “30 People Shame Those Who Refuse To Wear A Mask Due To Their Own Stupid Reasons.” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://www.boredpanda.com/no-excuse-not-to-wear-a-mask-reasons/.
  3. Aj, Sant, and McMichael A. “Revealing the Role of CD4(+) T Cells in Viral Immunity.” The Journal of Experimental Medicine 209, no. 8 (July 1, 2012): 1391–95. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20121517.
  4. Twitter. “Alex Berenson on Twitter.” Accessed October 6, 2020. https://twitter.com/AlexBerenson/status/1308798932097658881.
  5. Twitter. “Alex Berenson on Twitter.” Accessed October 6, 2020. https://twitter.com/AlexBerenson/status/1308798932097658881.
  6. Anfinrud, Philip, Valentyn Stadnytskyi, Christina E. Bax, and Adriaan Bax. “Visualizing Speech-Generated Oral Fluid Droplets with Laser Light Scattering.” New England Journal of Medicine 382, no. 21 (May 21, 2020): 2061–63. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2007800.
  7. “Are Face Masks Effective? The Evidence. – Swiss Policy Research.” Accessed September 9, 2020. https://swprs.org/face-masks-evidence/.
  8. ResearchGate. “Assessment of Fabric Masks as Alternatives to Standard Surgical Masks in Terms of Particle Filtration Efficiency | Request PDF.” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.17.20069567.
  9. “Association of Country-Wide Coronavirus Mortality with Demographics, Testing, Lockdowns, and Public Wearing of Masks. Update August 4, 2020. | MedRxiv.” Accessed September 9, 2020. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.20109231v5.
  10. Aug 06, 2020. “OSHA Addresses Inaccurate Claims That Face Coverings Cause Wearer Harm -.” Occupational Health & Safety. Accessed September 10, 2020. https://ohsonline.com/articles/2020/08/06/osha-addresses-inaccurate-claims-that-face-coverings-cause-wearer-harm.aspx.
  11. Author, Alternate. “Blaylock: Face Masks Pose Serious Risks To The Healthy.” Technocracy News. Accessed September 9, 2020. https://www.technocracy.news/blaylock-face-masks-pose-serious-risks-to-the-healthy/?fbclid=IwAR0EtvZsmXqKARtPaJNamsuFPsAOrrHq-CHcH0_wcPDwMihQfpgcCgMA0g8.
  12. Av, Mueller, Eden Mj, Oakes Jj, Bellini C, and Fernandez La. “Quantitative Method for Comparative Assessment of Particle Filtration Efficiency of Fabric Masks as Alternatives to Standard Surgical Masks for PPE,” April 22, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.17.20069567.
  13. B, Chandrasekaran, and Fernandes S. “‘Exercise with Facemask; Are We Handling a Devil’s Sword?’ – A Physiological Hypothesis.” Medical hypotheses. Med Hypotheses, June 22, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110002.
  14. Bae, Seongman, Min-Chul Kim, Ji Yeun Kim, Hye-Hee Cha, Joon Seo Lim, Jiwon Jung, Min-Jae Kim, et al. “Effectiveness of Surgical and Cotton Masks in Blocking SARS–CoV-2: A Controlled Comparison in 4 Patients.” Annals of Internal Medicine 173, no. 1 (April 6, 2020): W22–23. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-1342.
  15. Beder, A., U. Büyükkoçak, H. Sabuncuoğlu, Z. A. Keskil, and S. Keskil. “Preliminary Report on Surgical Mask Induced Deoxygenation during Major Surgery.” Neurocirugia (Asturias, Spain) 19, no. 2 (April 2008): 121–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1130-1473(08)70235-5.
  16. Psychology Today. “‘Beginner’s Mind’ Just Might Save Lives.” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/think-act-be/202004/beginners-mind-just-might-save-lives.
  17. News Break. “Both Big and Tiny Coronavirus Droplets Can Travel Far through Air.” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://www.newsbreak.com/news/1611636431970/both-big-and-tiny-coronavirus-droplets-can-travel-far-through-air.
  18. Bourouiba, Lydia. “Turbulent Gas Clouds and Respiratory Pathogen Emissions: Potential Implications for Reducing Transmission of COVID-19.” JAMA 323, no. 18 (May 12, 2020): 1837–38. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4756.
  19. Brooks, John T., Jay C. Butler, and Robert R. Redfield. “Universal Masking to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Transmission-The Time Is Now.” JAMA, July 14, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.13107.
  20. Brosseau, Lisa M., ScD, Margaret Sietsema, PhD | Apr 01, and 2020. “COMMENTARY: Masks-for-All for COVID-19 Not Based on Sound Data.” CIDRAP. Accessed September 8, 2020. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/04/commentary-masks-all-covid-19-not-based-sound-data.
  21. Caddy, Sarah L. “Coronavirus: Does the Amount of Virus You Are Exposed to Determine How Sick You’ll Get?” The Conversation. Accessed September 23, 2020. http://theconversation.com/coronavirus-does-the-amount-of-virus-you-are-exposed-to-determine-how-sick-youll-get-135119.
  22. Mayo Clinic. “Can Face Masks Protect against the Coronavirus?” Accessed September 9, 2020. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-mask/art-20485449.
  23. CDC. “Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, February 11, 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/planning-scenarios.html.
  24. Chaudhry, Rabail, George Dranitsaris, Talha Mubashir, Justyna Bartoszko, and Sheila Riazi. “A Country Level Analysis Measuring the Impact of Government Actions, Country Preparedness and Socioeconomic Factors on COVID-19 Mortality and Related Health Outcomes.” EClinicalMedicine 25 (August 1, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100464.
  25. Chu, Derek K., Elie A. Akl, Stephanie Duda, Karla Solo, Sally Yaacoub, Holger J. Schünemann, Derek K. Chu, et al. “Physical Distancing, Face Masks, and Eye Protection to Prevent Person-to-Person Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” The Lancet 395, no. 10242 (June 27, 2020): 1973–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31142-9.
  26. Chughtai, Abrar A., Holly Seale, and C. Raina Macintyre. “Early Release – Effectiveness of Cloth Masks for Protection Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 – Volume 26, Number 10—October 2020 – Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal – CDC.” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2610.200948.
  27. Clase, Catherine M., Edouard L. Fu, Aurneen Ashur, Rupert CL. Beale, Imogen A. Clase, Myrna B. Dolovich, Meg J. Jardine, et al. “Forgotten Technology in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Filtration Properties of Cloth and Cloth Masks: A Narrative Review.” Mayo Clinic Proceedings, July 31, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.07.020.
  28. Clase, Catherine M., Edouard L. Fu, Meera Joseph, Rupert C.L. Beale, Myrna B. Dolovich, Meg Jardine, Johannes F.E. Mann, Roberto Pecoits-Filho, Wolfgang C. Winkelmayer, and Juan J. Carrero. “Cloth Masks May Prevent Transmission of COVID-19: An Evidence-Based, Risk-Based Approach.” Annals of Internal Medicine, May 22, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-2567.
  29. “COVID-19: Considerations for Wearing Masks | CDC.” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cloth-face-cover-guidance.html.
  30. “COVID19 PCR Tests Are Scientifically Meaningless – Bulgarian Pathology Association.” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://bpa-pathology.com/covid19-pcr-tests-are-scientifically-meaningless/.
  31. “COVID-19–Related Perceptions, Context and Attitudes of Adults with Chronic Conditions: Results from a Cross-Sectional Survey Nested in the ComPaRe e-Cohort.” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237296.
  32. “Dear Humans: Face Masks Don’t Work; the Study-Review Was Published by Your Very Own CDC « Jon Rappoport’s Blog.” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://blog.nomorefakenews.com/2020/07/20/face-masks-dont-work-study-published-by-your-very-own-cdc/.
  33. News Break. “Does Personality Predict Willingness to Wear a Mask?” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://www.newsbreak.com/news/1605745385073/does-personality-predict-willingness-to-wear-a-mask.
  34. “Does Wearing a Mask Cause Diagnostic Tests to Read False-Positive for COVID? « Jon Rappoport’s Blog.” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://blog.nomorefakenews.com/2020/07/23/wearing-mask-cause-diagnostic-tests-read-false-positive-covid/.
  35. “Does Wearing a Mask Pose Any Health Risks?” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-07-mask-pose-health.html.
  36. Healthline. “Does Wearing a Mask Prevent the Flu?,” July 29, 2020. https://www.healthline.com/health/cold-flu/mask.
  37. “Does Wearing a Mask Protect Me? Some Evidence Says Yes – The New York Times.” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/27/health/coronavirus-mask-protection.html?campaign_id=34&emc=edit_sc_20200728&instance_id=20709&nl=science-times&regi_id=4688638&segment_id=34547&te=1&user_id=87f07d5c82fd6eeab8a4f850cd830fa6.
  38. News Break. “Dutch Dr. Fauci Thinks Masks Won’t Work. Here’s Why.” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://www.newsbreak.com/news/1611980964379/dutch-dr-fauci-thinks-masks-wont-work-heres-why.
  39. EDT, Basit Mahmood On 7/23/20 at 1:29 PM. “Doctor Runs 22 Miles Wearing Face Mask to Show It Doesn’t Cut Oxygen Levels.” Newsweek, July 23, 2020. https://www.newsweek.com/masks-covid-19-doctor-oxygen-1520060.
  40. Esposito, Susanna, Nicola Principi, Chi Chi Leung, and Giovanni Battista Migliori. “Universal Use of Face Masks for Success against COVID-19: Evidence and Implications for Prevention Policies.” European Respiratory Journal 55, no. 6 (June 1, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01260-2020.
  41. “Face Masks Considerably Reduce COVID-19 Cases in Germany: A Synthetic Control Method Approach.” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/13319/face-masks-considerably-reduce-covid-19-cases-in-germany-a-synthetic-control-method-approach.
  42. MSN. “Face Masks Protect You More From COVID Than You Thought, Doctors Say.” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://www.msn.com/en-us/Health/medical/face-masks-protect-you-more-from-covid-than-you-thought-doctors-say/ar-BB16ylTh.
  43. “Facemasks and Similar Barriers to Prevent Respiratory Illness Such as COVID-19: A Rapid Systematic Review | MedRxiv.” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.20049528v1.
  44. “Formal Request for the Retraction of Zhang et al., 2020 | Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford.” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://metrics.stanford.edu/PNAS%20retraction%20request%20LoE%20061820.
  45. Frankel, Todd C. “The Outbreak That Didn’t Happen: Masks Credited with Preventing Coronavirus Spread inside Missouri Hair Salon.” Washington Post. Accessed September 10, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/06/17/masks-salons-missouri/.
  46. G, Monica, and hi. “Mask Wearers Are ‘Dramatically Less Likely’ to Get a Severe Case of Covid-19.” Inverse. Accessed September 9, 2020. https://www.inverse.com/mind-body/masks-breathing-in-less-coronavirus-means-you-get-less-sick.
  47. Gandhi, Monica. “Can People Spread the Coronavirus If They Don’t Have Symptoms? 5 Questions Answered about Asymptomatic COVID-19.” The Conversation. Accessed September 9, 2020. http://theconversation.com/can-people-spread-the-coronavirus-if-they-dont-have-symptoms-5-questions-answered-about-asymptomatic-covid-19-140531.
  48. Gandhi, Monica, Chris Beyrer, and Eric Goosby. “Masks Do More Than Protect Others During COVID-19: Reducing the Inoculum of SARS-CoV-2 to Protect the Wearer.” Journal of General Internal Medicine, July 31, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-06067-8.
  49. Gandhi, Monica, and Diane Havlir. “The Time for Universal Masking of the Public for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Is Now.” Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, no. 4 (April 2020): ofaa131. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa131.
  50. Gandhi, Monica, and George W. Rutherford. “Facial Masking for Covid-19 — Potential for ‘Variolation’ as We Await a Vaccine.” New England Journal of Medicine 0, no. 0 (September 8, 2020): null. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2026913.
  51. Ghesquierre, Wayne. “Comment: Wear a Mask to Protect Yourself and Others. You Will Not Be Harmed.” Times Colonist. Accessed September 10, 2020. https://www.timescolonist.com/opinion/op-ed/comment-wear-a-mask-to-protect-yourself-and-others-you-will-not-be-harmed-1.24177281.
  52. Greenhalgh, Zeynep Tufekci, Jeremy Howard, Trisha. “The Real Reason to Wear a Mask.” The Atlantic, April 22, 2020. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/04/dont-wear-mask-yourself/610336/.
  53. Grinshpun, Sergey A., Hiroki Haruta, Robert M. Eninger, Tiina Reponen, Roy T. McKay, and Shu-An Lee. “Performance of an N95 Filtering Facepiece Particulate Respirator and a Surgical Mask During Human Breathing: Two Pathways for Particle Penetration.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 6, no. 10 (September 9, 2009): 593–603. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459620903120086.
  54. Hamzelou, Jessica. “Do Face Masks Work against the Coronavirus and Should You Wear One?” New Scientist. Accessed September 10, 2020. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2240288-do-face-masks-work-against-the-coronavirus-and-should-you-wear-one/.
  55. Hibino, Sawako, Kazutaka Hayashida, Andrew C Ahn, and Yasutaka Hayashida. “Dynamic Change of COVID-19 Seroprevalence among Asymptomatic Population in Tokyo during the Second Wave.” Preprint. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS), September 23, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.21.20198796.
  56. Howard, Jeremy, Austin Huang, Zhiyuan Li, Zeynep Tufekci, Vladimir Zdimal, Helene-Mari van der Westhuizen, Arne von Delft, et al. “Face Masks Against COVID-19: An Evidence Review,” April 12, 2020. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202004.0203.v1.
  57. Newsweek. “‘I Ran 22 Miles In A Mask To Show They Are Safe,’” July 28, 2020. https://www.newsweek.com/trolled-online-22-mile-running-show-masks-safe-1520710.
  58. Ing, Alvin J., Christine Cocks, and Jeffery Peter Green. “COVID-19: In the Footsteps of Ernest Shackleton.” Thorax 75, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 693–94. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215091.
  59. The Daily Wire. “Is Herd Immunity An Effective Strategy? Here’s What The Latest Studies Found.” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://www.dailywire.com/news/is-herd-immunity-an-effective-strategy-latest-studies.
  60. Jacobs, Joshua L., Sachiko Ohde, Osamu Takahashi, Yasuharu Tokuda, Fumio Omata, and Tsuguya Fukui. “Use of Surgical Face Masks to Reduce the Incidence of the Common Cold among Health Care Workers in Japan: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” American Journal of Infection Control 37, no. 5 (June 2009): 417–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2008.11.002.
  61. Jefferson, Tom, Mark Jones, Lubna A. Al Ansari, Ghada Bawazeer, Elaine Beller, Justin Clark, John Conly, et al. “Physical Interventions to Interrupt or Reduce the Spread of Respiratory Viruses. Part 1 – Face Masks, Eye Protection and Person Distancing: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” MedRxiv, April 7, 2020, 2020.03.30.20047217. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.30.20047217.
  62. July 9, Charlie Duerr, and 2020. “The One Face Mask Hack You’re Not Doing But Should Be.” Best Life, July 9, 2020. https://bestlifeonline.com/face-mask-hack-tiktok/.
  63. Jun 24, Stephanie Soucheray | News Reporter | CIDRAP News |, and 2020. “Controversy on COVID-19 Mask Study Spotlights Messiness of Science during a Pandemic.” CIDRAP. Accessed September 10, 2020. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/06/controversy-covid-19-mask-study-spotlights-messiness-science-during.
  64. June 15, Colby Hall, and 2020. “172 Studies Agree You Need to Do This to Combat Coronavirus.” Best Life, June 15, 2020. https://bestlifeonline.com/masks-coronavirus/.
  65. Kai, De, Guy-Philippe Goldstein, Alexey Morgunov, Vishal Nangalia, and Anna Rotkirch. “Universal Masking Is Urgent in the COVID-19 Pandemic: SEIR and Agent Based Models, Empirical Validation, Policy Recommendations.” ArXiv:2004.13553 [Physics, q-Bio], April 22, 2020. http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.13553.
  66. “Keep Britain Free.” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://www.keepbritainfree.com/.
  67. Klompas, Michael, Charles A. Morris, Julia Sinclair, Madelyn Pearson, and Erica S. Shenoy. “Universal Masking in Hospitals in the Covid-19 Era.” New England Journal of Medicine 382, no. 21 (May 21, 2020): e63. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2006372.
  68. kristac@stanford.edu, <img src=’//sgec stanford edu/content/dam/sm-news/images/2015/10/conger-krista-90 jpg img 620 high png’ alt=’Krista Conger’> By Krista Conger Krista Conger is a science writer in the Office of Communications Email her at. “5 Questions: Stanford Scientists on COVID-19 Mask Guidelines.” News Center. Accessed September 10, 2020. http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2020/06/stanford-scientists-contribute-to-who-mask-guidelines.html.
  69. kyle8425. “On Masks: Notes for Rebuttal.” Another Logical Take (blog), July 24, 2020. https://davidkylejohnson.wordpress.com/2020/07/24/on-masks-notes-for-rebuttal/.
  70. ———. “Resolved: Public Mask Mandates Assist in Curbing the Spread of Covid-19.” Another Logical Take (blog), July 24, 2020. https://davidkylejohnson.wordpress.com/2020/07/24/resolved-public-mask-mandates-assist-in-curbing-the-spread-of-covid-19/.
  71. “Lack of COVID-19 Transmission on an International Flight | CMAJ.” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://www.cmaj.ca/content/192/15/E410.
  72. “Letter to the Editor: Look at the Range of Science on Face Masks | TribLIVE.Com.” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://triblive.com/opinion/letter-to-the-editor-look-at-the-range-of-science-on-face-masks/.
  73. Leung, Nancy H. L., Daniel K. W. Chu, Eunice Y. C. Shiu, Kwok-Hung Chan, James J. McDevitt, Benien J. P. Hau, Hui-Ling Yen, et al. “Respiratory Virus Shedding in Exhaled Breath and Efficacy of Face Masks.” Nature Medicine 26, no. 5 (May 2020): 676–80. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0843-2.
  74. Lopez, German. “Why You Should Wear a Mask to Fight Covid-19, Explained by Several New Studies.” Vox, July 15, 2020. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/21299527/masks-coronavirus-covid-19-studies-research-evidence.
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  77. Lukashev, Dmitriy, Boris Klebanov, Hidefumi Kojima, Alex Grinberg, Akiko Ohta, Ludmilla Berenfeld, Roland H. Wenger, Akio Ohta, and Michail Sitkovsky. “Cutting Edge: Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α and Its Activation-Inducible Short Isoform I.1 Negatively Regulate Functions of CD4+ and CD8+ T Lymphocytes.” The Journal of Immunology 177, no. 8 (October 15, 2006): 4962–65. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.4962.
  78. Lyu, Wei, and George L. Wehby. “Community Use Of Face Masks And COVID-19: Evidence From A Natural Experiment Of State Mandates In The US.” Health Affairs 39, no. 8 (June 16, 2020): 1419–25. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00818.
  79. MacIntyre, C. Raina, Simon Cauchemez, Dominic E. Dwyer, Holly Seale, Pamela Cheung, Gary Browne, Michael Fasher, et al. “Face Mask Use and Control of Respiratory Virus Transmission in Households – Volume 15, Number 2—February 2009 – Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal – CDC.” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1502.081167.
  80. MacIntyre, C. Raina, and Abrar Ahmad Chughtai. “A Rapid Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Face Masks and Respirators against Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Transmissible Viruses for the Community, Healthcare Workers and Sick Patients.” International Journal of Nursing Studies 108 (August 1, 2020): 103629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103629.
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  86. Psychology Today. “Masks (Still) Work: Debunking (More) Pseudoscience.” Accessed September 10, 2020. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/logical-take/202007/masks-still-work-debunking-more-pseudoscience.
  87. McCabe, Caitlin. “Face Masks Really Do Matter. The Scientific Evidence Is Growing.” Wall Street Journal, August 13, 2020, sec. Life. https://www.wsj.com/articles/face-masks-really-do-matter-the-scientific-evidence-is-growing-11595083298.
  88. McKenney, Douglas G, Gael Kurath, and Andrew R Wargo. “Characterization of Infectious Dose and Lethal Dose of Two Strains of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV).” Virus Research 214 (March 2016): 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2015.12.020.
  89. Mitchell, N. J., and S. Hunt. “Surgical Face Masks in Modern Operating Rooms—a Costly and Unnecessary Ritual?” Journal of Hospital Infection 18, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 239–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0195-6701(91)90148-2.
  90. Morawska, Lidia, and Donald K. Milton. “It Is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).” Clinical Infectious Diseases. Accessed September 23, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa939.
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  92. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. “New IHME COVID-19 Model Projects Nearly 180,000 US Deaths,” June 24, 2020. http://www.healthdata.org/news-release/new-ihme-covid-19-model-projects-nearly-180000-us-deaths.
  93. Offeddu, Vittoria, Chee Fu Yung, Mabel Sheau Fong Low, and Clarence C. Tam. “Effectiveness of Masks and Respirators Against Respiratory Infections in Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 65, no. 11 (November 13, 2017): 1934–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix681.
  94. Oran, Daniel P., and Eric J. Topol. “Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection.” Annals of Internal Medicine 173, no. 5 (June 3, 2020): 362–67. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-3012.
  95. Safety News Alert. “OSHA: Cloth Masks Don’t Cause Harmful CO2 Levels,” August 12, 2020. https://www.safetynewsalert.com/articles/osha-cloth-masks-co2/.
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